ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE , RELATIVE CLAUSES AND CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

     1.     Active and Passive Sentence

       a.                      Active Form

In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing   receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

b.     Passive Form

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

NO	TENSES	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
	Present Tenses	S + V1(S/ES)+O+Adv	S + is/am/are + V3
1	Simple Present	Once a week, Tom cleans the house	Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
2	Present Continous	Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.	Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
3	Present Perfect	Many tourists have visited that castle.	That castle has been visited by many tourists.
4	Present Perfect Continous	Recently, John has been doing the work	Recently, the work has been being done by John.

	Past Tenses	S + V2 +O +Adv	S + was/were + V3
1	Simple Past	Sam repaired the car.	The car was repaired by Sam.
2	Past Continous	The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.	The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.
3	Past Perfect	George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.	Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license
4	Past Perfect Continous	Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.	The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.

	Future Tenses	S + will/shall + V1 + O+ Verb	S +will+be+V3 + Verb
1	Simpel Future	Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.	The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
2	Future Continous	At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.
3	Future Ferfect	They will have completed the project before the deadline.	The project will have been completed before the deadline.
4	Future Ferfact Continous	The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.

The examples of active and passive sentences:

      1. Tina is reading the book (Active)
        The book is being read by Tina (Passive)

     2. We celebrate school annyversary every year (Active)
    The school annyversary is celebrated every year (Passive)

     3. Forest burning has produced a lot of pollution (Active)
    A lot of pollution has been produced by forest burning (Passive)

    4. The students will play basketball (Active)
    The basketball will be played by the students (Passive)

    5. The school provided rubbish bin two months ago (Active)
    The rubbish bin was provided by the school two months ago (Passive)

    6. The band plays the music (Active)
    The music is being plays by the band (Passive)

    7. The girl is picking up the flowers (Active)
    The flowers are being picked up by the girl (Passive)

    8. This school will build a new meeting hall (Active)
    A new meeting hall will be built by this school (Passive)

    9. The goverment announces the news to all people in city (Active)
    The news is announced to all people in the city by the goverment (Passive)

    10. The principal gave the certificates to the students (Active)
      The certificates were given to the students by the principal (Passive)

2.     Relative Clauses

 Definition

Relative clauses are clauses starting with the relative pronouns who*, that, which, whose, where, when. They are most often used to define or identify the noun that precedes them. Here are some examples:

               a.       Do you know the girl who started in grade 7 last week?

2. Can I have the pencil that I gave you this morning?
3. A notebook is a computer which can be carried around.
4. I won't eat in a restaurant whose cooks smoke.
5. I want to live in a place where there is lots to do.
6. Yesterday was a day when everything went wrong!

* There is a relative pronoun whom, which can be used as the object of the relative clause. For example: My science teacher is a person whom I like very much. To many people the word whom now sounds old-fashioned, and it is rarely used in spoken English.

Relative pronouns are associated as follows with their preceding noun:

Preceding noun	Relative pronoun	Examples
a person	who(m)/that, whose	- Do you know the girl who .. - He was a man that .. - An orphan is a child whose parents ..
a thing	which†/that, whose	- Do you have a computer which .. - The oak a tree that .. - This is a book whose author ..

Note 1: The relative pronoun whose is used in place of the possessive pronoun. It must be followed by a noun. Example: There's a boy in grade 8 whose father is a professional tennis player. (There's a boy in grade 8. His father is a professional tennis player.)

Note 2: The relative pronouns where and when are used with place and time nouns. Examples: FIS is a school where children from more than 50 countries are educated. 2001 was the year when terrorists attacked the Twin Towers in New York.

Some relative clauses are not used to define or identify the preceding noun but to give extra information about it. Here are some examples:

              a.       My ESL teacher, who came to Germany in 1986, likes to ride his mountain bike.

2. The heavy rain, which was unusual for the time of year, destroyed most of the plants in my garden.
3. Einstein, who was born in Germany, is famous for his theory of relativity.
4. The boy, whose parents both work as teachers at the school, started a fire in the classroom.
5. My mother's company, which makes mobile phones, is moving soon from Frankfurt to London.
6. In the summer I'm going to visit Italy, where my brother lives.

Note 1: Relative clauses which give extra information, as in the example sentences above, must be separated off by commas. 

Note 2: The relative pronoun that cannot be used to introduce an extra-information (non-defining) clause about a person. Wrong: Neil Armstrong, that was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon. Correct: Neil Armstrong, who was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon.

There are two common occasions, particularly in spoken English, when the relative pronoun is omitted:

1. When the pronoun is the object of the relative clause. In the following sentences the pronoun that can be left out is enclosed in (brackets):

• Do you know the girl (who/m) he's talking to?
• Where's the pencil (which) I gave you yesterday?
• I haven't read any of the books (that) I got for Christmas.
• I didn't like that girl (that) you brought to the party.
• Did you find the money (which) you lost?

Note: You cannot omit the relative pronoun a.) if it starts a non-defining relative clause, or, b.) if it is the subject of a defining relative clause. For example, who is necessary in the following sentence: What's the name of the girl who won the tennis tournament?

2. When the relative clause contains a present or past participle and the auxiliary verb to be. In such cases both relative pronoun and auxiliary can be left out:

a.       Who's that man (who is) standing by the gate?

2. The family (that is) living in the next house comes from Slovenia.
3. She was wearing a dress (which was) covered in blue flowers.
4. Most of the parents (who were) invited to the conference did not come.
5. Anyone (that is) caught writing on the walls will be expelled from school.

    3.     CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Definition                          

Conditional sentences are statements discussing known factors or hypothetical situations and their consequences. These sentences use conditional construction and verb forms, which is called the conditional mood. Complete conditional sentences contain a conditional clause and the consequence. As a refresher, a clause is a group of words with their own subject and verb.

Conditional Sentence Type 1

→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example:

a.       If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation

b.      I will send her an invitation if I find her address.

c.       If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening

d.      If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation

Conditional Sentence Type 2

→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example:

a.       If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

b.      I would send her an invitation if I found her address.

c.       If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t stay here.

d.      If I were you, I would not do this.

Conditional Sentence Type 3

→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.
Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example:

a.       If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

b.      I would have sent her an invitation if I had found her address.

c.       If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams.

Daftar Pustaka
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/activepassive.html
http://alia-adhelia.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/the-examples-of-active-and-passive.html
http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/relative.htm
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/type-3